Monday, September 01, 2014

Learning SDR

I recently launched Software Defined Radio with HackRF, an instructional video series that I hope will make it easier than ever for people to learn the basics of Software Defined Radio (SDR).

When I first learned to use SDR for my wireless security research, it was hard. At first I thought, "I can build radios out of software! I don't know anything about building radios, but I know software. Now with SDR I can build radios!" Unfortunately that wasn't quite true. I quickly learned that, even though I knew a thing or two about software, I knew nothing about Digital Signal Processing (DSP). I also learned that DSP is a lot more complicated than it seemed at first.

Fortunately I happened to be in the best possible place to learn SDR (electronics too) at the time. I was surrounded by RF engineers, and several of them were DSP experts. (I told this story in more detail during a panel discussion at the DEF CON 22 Wireless Village.) Even so, it took me a year or two before I was competent enough to build flexible SDR implementations that were useful for my research. As I finally achieved this goal, I started trying to help other people in the information security community learn to use the technology because I could see that there is no better tool for wireless security research, and especially for reverse engineering of radio signals, than SDR.

The first place I tried to do this was at Black Hat USA 2008. In my talk, Software Radio and the Future of Wireless Security I hoped to teach people the basics of SDR in less than an hour. I thought I could do something like "DSP in five minutes", but, as I developed the presentation, it turned out that I couldn't distill the essentials into such a small amount of time. The following year, Dominic Spill and I volunteered to give a two day SDR workshop at the first ToorCamp. We prepared some material, borrowed a little gear, and set out to teach people the practical skills of working with SDR. This effort was much better, but we had some problems. We only had enough equipment for three to six people, and about thirty showed up. We were in a hot desert full of volcanic ash that invaded all our gear. We had frequent power outages. Despite these challenges, we had a good time, and several people were able to learn some essential skills.

A few weeks later at DEF CON, Sergey Bratus convinced me to make a second attempt at the class in a more favorable setting. We happened to have the conversation while standing next to H1kari who offered a room at ToorCon San Diego, and I've been teaching there every year since then. I think we had five or six people that first year. It went quite well, but it was a challenge getting enough hardware together to allow everyone to fully participate. As the years went by, it became clear that the greatest barrier to entry was the hardware. My classes grew slowly, but they were attended primarily by people who already had SDR equipment. I was accomplishing my goal of teaching security folks about SDR, but I wasn't reaching very many people.

I had been kicking around the idea of trying to build a low cost SDR hardware platform for a long time. In fact, Project Ubertooth was originally intended to be an SDR platform. One of the primary reasons I was interested in building an SDR platform was to be able to provide something that my students could afford, something that could even be rolled into the cost of the class. It took a long time, but I eventually started the HackRF project and later completed HackRF One, an open source hardware platform for SDR. HackRF One is the most affordable general-purpose SDR transceiver in the world, and it allows more people than ever before to learn SDR.

These days I still teach at ToorCon, and I also often teach at other information security events including TROOPERS and Black Hat. The availability of HackRF (and rtl-sdr and more) has made SDR accessible to everyone in the security community and beyond. It is finally possible to bring SDR to a much wider audience, so I have started turning my course content into an online video series.

Software Defined Radio with HackRF is published under an open content license. As I continue to add more videos, I hope that it will become an even more thorough introduction to SDR than I am able to squeeze into a two day class. I hope that with this series and my in-person training, I have finally achieved my dream of making SDR easy to learn. Instead of taking a year, now people can spend a few days of fun experimentation and get started with this exciting technology.

74 comments:

Clayton Smith (argilo) said...

Thanks for everything! Your 2008 Black Hat presentation is what sparked my interest in SDR. A couple yours later I convinced my employer to get a USRP and I've been hooked ever since.

The availability of low-cost SDR hardware really seems to be bringing in a lot more people, and your videos should go a long way to getting them up to speed with GNU Radio. Keep up the great work!

Michael Ossmann said...

Thanks for your support, Clayton! I've been enjoying seeing your HackRF projects over the last few weeks.

Anonymous said...

Any news on the second shipment? Eagerly awaiting wimo to ship me my hackrf :-) also does the hackrf have any sort of protection on its input for static etc on antenna cable?

Anonymous said...

Hello,

today I watched your first GNU Radio tutorial. I build up the FM radio as shown in GRC. Because I'm waiting for my HackRF from the German sales point I use a RTL SDR.
I' m running Gnu radio on a Kali Linux USB stick OS.
In Gnu radio everything is working, but I dont get any audio and I have the feeling, gnu radio just shows me the center frequency, FFT shows no other signal peaks.

I sat the sample rate to 1M, because at higher levels I had a lot of overflow.

What I'm doing wrong?

It would be great to get feedback from you.
Many thanks

Best regards
Alexander

Ray said...

Mike, this series is terrific. As an now software/firmware engineer/manager who studied DSP in college, this helps to dust off some of the rust and makes very clear some of the fundamental concepts. You are a talented educator (and hardware designer) and it would have been so much easier to understand and visualize this field if anything like this series and hardware was available back in those days (mid 80's). Back then we had our college Prime computer and timeshare account with form feed bins. Am looking forward to the whole series. Do you have any outline yet to share as to what you are planning to cover? P.S. burst out laughing when you alluded to a need for 'the talk' when showing the sample type choices, concerning "complex" choice. Just ordered a HACK RF device, which is naturally on backorder already.

Mark Grennan said...

I can't thank you enough for you Learning SDR videos. Everone is a gold mind. Please continue to give exercises and suggested reading. I finished "Pratical Signal Processng" by Mark Owen this week.
The HackRF One is great. As soon as I get through the learning curve of GnuRadio I'm going to buy another. - W5TSU

Dennis Mantz said...

I can't wait to see all the following videos! I check for updates every day ;) This series is awesome, keep going!

Just received my HackRF last week and I can't stop playing around with it since^^

Dennis

Unknown said...

Hello Michael,

Your effort to produce these videos made my final decision to purchase the HackRF One.

Thanks a lot!

Cheers, Jaap

PS anything on xPSK planned? (Most or all samples on the web don't load in the latest 3.7.x versions of GNURadio companion.)

Mark Grennan said...

Lesion 7 is wonderful transition between complex numbers and DSP. I was having trouble connecting the two. Your jump right into demodulation was just what was needed.

Anonymous said...

The educational quality of the lectures in this series is really really excellent. Many sites on Internet talk about SDR, but, none give clear understand of things from basic concepts to practical things.

Michael is an awesome teacher. The lessons are extremely clear and helpful. After I started watching these lessons, I couldn't stop going on, and can't wait for more. Please, please, keep it coming.

Jorge De Castro said...

Hi Michael,

I had a big problem with the firmware update on the hackRF. I followed all the steps exactly like you did in your Lesson 5 video, but apparently something went wrong and the HackRF is now bricked...

I am desperate. I tried to restore it following the DFU mode procedure but after introducing this command:

dfu-util --device 1fc9:000c --alt 0 --download hackrf_one_usb_ram.dfu,

I get the following error:

dfuIDLE, continuing
DFU mode device DFU version 0100
Device returned transfer size 2048
DFU CRC does not match
Unsupported DFU file revision 0000

Can you help me? I dont know what to do and I am in panic. My HackRF cant be dead right?

Louisse said...

thank you for sharing it with us.. it is so helpful :)

Seattle Bankruptcy Lawyers

Piero Tognolatti said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Piero Tognolatti said...

Does someone know if there is a way to have time-stamping on HackRF? Moreover I need to have hackRF time-stamping referred to an external 10 MHz and to an external 1PPS.

Best regards

Piero, I0KPT

beh said...

What's the difference between the HackRF and the other SDR dongles.. AIRSPY , PortableSDR(PSDR), RTL2832U dongles (R820T/E4000), etc?

Do they all support the same software or should you pick the hardware based on the software / application you intend to use it for?

I'd like to capture my rf remote light switch and mimic the signal using a modified beagle bone!

Anonymous said...

Hello Mike: This is flora from Seeedstudio. I have emailed you on 16th. Dec which is about developing a business relationship with you.

Our company has great interest in your HackRF and would like to feature your product on our platform www.seeedstudio.com. If you got any interests in team up with us .please contact me: flora.tao@seeed.cc

Anonymous said...

Hello Mike: This is flora from Seeedstudio. I have emailed you on 16th. Dec which is about developing a business relationship with you.

Our company has great interest in your HackRF and would like to feature your product on our platform www.seeedstudio.com. If you got any interests in team up with us .please contact me: flora.tao@seeed.cc

Packetguy said...

Mike,
I'm amazed at what you've accomplished with HakRF One. Many have aspired to build a low-cost programmable platform, some have shipped alphas and betas, but no others have followed through with a plan to obtain funding and enter mass production. You're a brilliant example of the modern agile entrepreneur!

I'd like to buy a HackRF but they're out of stock everywhere. What can you tell us about the production process and lead times?

Anonymous said...

Update your webserver certificate, it expired today!

richy'sSDR said...

Hello, i really love what you do on SDR,i really need your, i am going to work on a project to generate GPS signals using software radio HackRF, sorry to be long, my questions:
-how generating a GPS signal with BPSK modulation and data?
-How to Then put attenuators to reduce the power ( around -130dBm ) and connect to a GPS receiver
-The idea is to see the receiver to acquire the GPS signal, and see the signal to noise ratio measured by the receiver
-Thereafter , introduce 3 or 4 other GPS signals and the receiver view the position of the receiver calculated
Thanks

Agen Bola Terpercaya said...

thank you for this article Agen bola terpercaya

Agen Bola said...

have a nice day all dear Agen Bola

Unknown said...

I admire the valuable information you offer in your articles. I will bookmark your blog and have my children check up here often. I am quite sure they will learn lots of new stuff here than anybody else!

Access Control Solutions

Chris Drake said...

Just finished lesson 11 - brilliant stuff!!! In earlier lessons, you promised a "future" episode covering the hardware, but so far that didn't come!?

Could you perhaps do a hardware lesson, or, link to something you've already recorded that goes over the hardware perhaps?

The main things I cannot comprehend so far: what the heck *is* a radio signal? How does the I and Q get recorded ? (the hardware makes 2 readings next to one another, right?). In my mind, I visualise an antenna as a tube full of marbles (electrons?); if you accelerate them, they make "ripples" in a 3-dimensional imaginary "pool" - wobble them back and forth to create radio - is that a sensible way to think of these things?

How can the HackRFone do "gigahertz" anything, when it's maximum sample rate is only in megahertz?

So many questions still - bring on lesson 12 !!!!!

Luciana Freitas said...

My friend, I'm sorry, my English is from Brazil, I'm starting to program, I'm 3 years old. Good morning friend wish you could help I'm having trouble having the exact frequency of a radio broadcast has how to pass me the site where there is an SDK where I have exactly the frequency at the peak when it is being transmitted thank you.

Derrick . C said...

Thank you very much for this blog.
hardware prototype development services

Fzseriesproduction said...

Thanks sir ! for this guidance. This post is helpful to me...
You can buy all industrial products and equipment from here,or contact us for <a href="http://optpeb.com>tensile structure and best Fabricators in lucknow</a>.

momimi said...

togel online
bandar togel terpercaya
agen togel
judi togel
Keluaran Togel
daftar togel

Zoe said...

Your effort to produce these videos made my final decision to purchase the HackRF One.
personlized baby gifts
personlized gifts for her
personlized gifts for him

ravi said...

Thanks for provide great informatic and looking beautiful blog, really nice required information & the things i never imagined and i would request, wright more blog and blog post like that for us. Thanks you once agian

name change procedure in ghaziabad
name change procedure delhi
name change procedure gurgaon
name change in faridabad
name change in noida
name change
name change in india
name change procedure in bangalore
name change procedure in rajasthan
name change procedure in maharashtra

Watch Sports Live Free Online said...

Watch Patriots Live
Watch Saints Live
Watch Seahawks Live
Watch Rams Live

SS Vermicompost Industry said...

Thanks for sharing such a great blog
Vermicompost manufacturers in Tamilnadu | Vermicompost in Tamilnadu
Vermicompost Manufacturers | Vermicompost Suppliers
Vermicompost in Coimbatore | Vermicompost manufacturers in Chennai
Vermicompost in chennai | Best Vermicompost in chennai

Unknown said...

Borrow money here today at 3% interest rate. Sawda Capital Finance offers all kinds of financial services of all sizes ranging from individuals, companies, and traders globally./Our services are 100% guaranteed and risk-free.

We build just the right financing for each client, with simple paperwork, quick approvals, and flexible payment schedules. For further details, Kindly contact us via email At sawda.finance@gmail.com

Intermediaries/Consultants/Brokers are welcome to bring their clients and are 100% protected. In complete confidence, we will work together for the benefits of all parties involved, Looking forward to rendering the best of our services to all esteemed clientele globally.

Altaj Shoes said...

Adidas showroom in madurai | Woodland showroom in madurai
Puma showroom in madurai | Crocs showroom in Madurai

Anonymous said...

First cashforcar
started the business a few years ago to help people to trade their cars in the most convenient way. We provide the fastest and the most reliable cash for car and car removal services, as well as selling cheap and cheerful used cars in Brisbane and all the surrounding suburbs. Wanting to trade your car, we provide you the best service in any manner, so you can save so much time and money.

Anonymous said...

Melbourne towing cash for car company is best company in Melbourne providing Cheap towing,24/7 towing
, Cash for cars, Free car removal at affordable rates."

EduIndiaNews said...

You’re so interesting! I don’t believe I’ve truly read something like this before. So great to find someone with genuine thoughts on this issue. Really.. many thanks for starting this up. This website is something that’s needed on the internet, someone with some originality!

CBSE Schools In Srikakulam
CBSE Schools In Tirupati
CBSE Schools In Vijayawada
CBSE Schools In Visakhapatnam
CBSE Schools In Vizianagaram
CBSE Schools In West Godavari
CBSE Schools In Hyderabad
CBSE Schools In Adilabad
CBSE Schools In Ameenpur
CBSE Schools In Ameerpet

Harry Raphael said...

Welcome to Dr Wobe lottery spells. i am here to testify about the great Dr Wobe for saving my life from herpes virus.i have been through hell all this years but i thank God for not letting my trust down, and also i want the entire universe to know that there is a cure to any kind of diseases in the word and never to loose hope because i have great testimony today in my life,  Dr Wobe is described by many titles some including. Traditional healer, spell caster, astrologer, Psychic reader, spiritual healer, in Africa, he cast powerful spells. he has cast spells since his infant age; he was born with ancestral powers in the mountains of Inehidure Idumemalua. These he have been practicing and helping people with different problems. In addition, an inexperienced spell caster will mess up things, which isn’t the case with great Dr Wobe. he work differently depending on someone’s interest or problem like Divorce Spell, Ex Back | Herpes | Hiv | Cancer | Diabetes| Gonorrhea |  among others. You can get to know more by visiting  him on his email>Drwobeherbalhome@gmail.com or Whatsapp him on +2347082702659        

Anonymous said...

I'm Khloé Zac, I tried to invest my savings into forex broker's trade during Pandemic and ever since last year December have been trying to withdraw my savings and each time i try to withdraw i'm asked to pay for fees and Tax fees, last Month june 26th i discovered that it was all scam and i have already lost $450,000 US dollar's. I was referred by my bestie who know so much about the internet and he referred me to Vitor programmer, i emailed him and he asked me to get in touch on WhatsApp and i did as he instructed, after 32 hours of reaching out to Vitor Programmer i received a notification on my phone screen and it was blockchain and my funds were recovered full without stories, i am writing this because a lot of people complain of being scammed online while trying to have there funds recovered, kindly Email: Vitor (AT)programmer DOT net, WhatsApp contact: (+1) 519 / 398 / 1460, and tell him that you are from Khloé Zac.

Unknown said...

Are you financially down? Do you need a loan to get out of Debts or pay your Bills? Do you need a Personal, Home, auto, Real Estate, Business, Investment, Agricultural loan, have you been rejected by a bank, friends or partner? We offer all types of loans at a low interest rate of 2%. loan duration starting from 1 year to 30 years. We give out loans within the range of $ 10,000.00 USD to $ 1,000,000.00 USD If you are interested in getting a loan contact us, for more information and we will respond to your request once we receive your reply.

Email: brianclooney@representative.com   Email: brianclooney5@gmail.com   Direct Call Phone Number  and  WhatsApp contact: +1  (519) 398-1460 

Kim said...

You’re so interesting! I don’t believe I’ve truly read something like this before. So great to find someone with genuine thoughts on this issue. Really.. many thanks for starting this up. This website is something that’s needed on the internet, someone with some originality!

CBSE Schools In Samba
CBSE Schools In Srinagar
CBSE Schools In Udhampur
CBSE Schools In Budgam
CBSE Schools In Kupwara
CBSE Schools In Poonch
CBSE Schools In Rajouri
CBSE Schools In Bilaspur
CBSE Schools In Chamba
CBSE Schools In Hamirpur

Unknown said...

I recommend professional expert Programmer Email: vitorzprogrammer@gmail.com, for Recovery Funds / Cryptocurrency / Binary / Forex / Recovery of Stolen Bitcoin / Report scammers and blocking of Scammers Emails, website's, phone number's / Removing Bad Records from Both Public and Private database: Whats App (+1) 519 / 398 / 1460

Ajaypal Singh said...

"This is really interesting, you are such a great blogger. Visit Royal Digitech for creative and professional website design and Digital Marketing in Sirsa
and Also get Digital Marketing Course in Sirsa
"

Ajaypal Singh said...

"Thanks for provide great informatic and looking beautiful blog, really nice required information & the things i never imagined and i would request, wright more blog and blog post like that for us. Thanks you once agian

Free Classified in India"

Ajaypal said...

"Thanks for provide great informatic and looking beautiful blog.
Best Gaming Website
Best Tech Website
Best Health Website
Best Study Website
Tech Reviews Website
"

Ajaypal Singh said...

Thanks for provide great informatic and looking beautiful blog, really nice required information & the things i never imagined and i would request, wright more blog and blog post like that for us. Thanks you once agian

Best Accounts Institute In Sirsa

johmmydepp ji said...

"Are you looking for Leolist Kamloops? We have the best alternative of Leolist Kamloops here on https://kamloops.xgirl.ca/
Visit kamloops.xgirl.ca/ today and find the best results related to Leolist Kamloops"

Studydriller said...

It is quite important for student to know their stand academic wise by checking their Post UTME Results, hence the need for the release of the following results;

Bowen University Post UTME Result
ABSU Post UTME Result
BUK Post UTME Result
ESUT Post UTME Result
ABUAD Post UTME Result

Jone Marsh said...


I feel energetic after reading this valuable information. In the forthcoming time, I am looking forward to take this information. Do not feel helpless as get in touch with Assignment Help Qatar to fetch the higher qulaity information in qatar.

Assignment help said...

Nice Article!!I have been surfing online more than 4 hours lately, but I was not found any useful article like this. If you are Stuck with your Assignment then you don't worry you will get help through a digital system. If you have a lot of work to do 24 hours a day, you need to connect yourself with smart and innovative ways to solve your school problems. and Take online assignment help and get good quality aid offers such as Bioinformatics Assignment Help,Econometrics Assignment Help,Biochemistry Assignment Help, Nursing Assignment Help, Economics Assignment Help, Research Proposal Help. and so on. Writing lessons is a great way to improve your performance and increase your grades.

Soureessay said...

Nice book service Books reviews

Ajaypal said...

If you are looking to get an Music Certificate Programs Online you have reached the right place. It’s as simple as logging on to Music Meléti site and searching for the course that meets your need. Browse through the course content and look at the educator profile and video. You will find Professional course in Music and Professional Courses in Performing Arts listed on the platform. Choose what suits your need but if you are confused we provide Coaching and Mentoring in Music and Performing Arts, so reach out to us. We also provide Handholding for admission in Music and performing arts course selection. Once the confusion is sorted simply pay and confirm your participation to our Music Certification Program Online. Many Professional Courses in Music and Professional Courses in Performing Arts are available through Music Meléti.

zaklaspina said...

Slots – Casino Top Sites for Playing Slots | CasinoTopOS
If you want to play casino slots, we have 라이브바카라 you covered with this top site. Slots – 토토 사이트 제작 CasinoTopOS offers a broad range of casino games, 배당사이트 like video 가상화폐추천 slots and video 카심바

CEA Aviation said...

CEA Aviation is witnessing a spectacular new turn of events in India, with fantastic student and teacher selections, to the point where the Top 10 flight academy in delhi is now offering DGCA Ground Classes. CEA Aviation has gathered connections with a range of flying relationships inside the confines of our domain to ensure that students contact spectacular workplaces and receive work aid with solicitations to gain amazing general understanding

Rakhi Saxena said...

There are various types of adaptable fixing establishments in Delhi. They give you principal to state-of-the-art levels of arrangement in the mechanical world. As we an entire acknowledge we overall are turning out to be socially obliging these days. PDAs, PCs, and various contraptions have transformed into a requirement for every person around us. So this course will truly help you fill in from this point forward and drive your calling to fix the world. These courses include versatile fixing, PC fixing, LCD fixing, OCA fixing, EMMC fixing, etc.

Call here for additional information 9212411411.

Visit Here :- Mobile Repairing Course In Delhi

Anonymous said...

is an Honor to share this testimony about Timo Spell that changed my life for good. It all started when I lost my job and I was down financially and emotionally because I couldn’t be able provide for my family and staying home all day Jobless it’s not easy, until when I saw a series of testimonies hearing people winning the Powerball lottery, I didn’t believed, but being poor no job you have no option. I gave it a try and I contacted Him and he told me what I have to do before I can become a big lottery winner and I accepted. He made special prayers for me in his temple and gave me the required numbers to play the lottery game and when I used the numbers to play it, I won a massive $1million Powerball jackpot. I was so happy and I chose to review my winning on any platform, I would love other people to seek his help you can also Reach him on Instagram page: @timospell0 He will give you the winning ticket number?? and exact location address in your country and where you will play the lottery game. Reach her on Email: timospell0@gmail.com or WhatsApp:+1 (845) 207-8532

Unknown said...

Hello everyone I know this is not the topic discussing here but with what I Have be through and my bad experience, I want to Please everyone should be careful and stop being deceived by all these brokers and account managers, they scammed me over $500,000 of my investment capital, they kept on requesting for extra funds before a withdrawal request can be accepted and processed, in the end, I lost all my money. All efforts to reach out to their customer support desk had declined, I found it very hard to move on. God so kind I followed a broadcast that teaches on how scammed victims can recover their fund, I Email him (WIZARDWIERZBICKIPROGRAMMER@CSRC.LIVE) for consultation, I got feedback after some hours and I was asked to provide all legal details concerning my investment, I did exactly what they instructed me to do without delay, to my greatest surprise I was able to recover my money back including my profit which my capital generated. I said I will not hold this to myself but share it to the public so that all scammed victims can get their funds back. Chat Them on WhatsApp (+31 6 84990027). Reach him on Instagram: @wizardwierzbickiprogrammer

Anonymous said...

QUALITY SSN DOB DL HIGH CREDIT SCORES Leads
CC with CVV Fullz (USA, UK, CANADA)
Tutorials & E-Books For Ethical Hacking
Tools For Everything You Need

I'm On Telegram = @killhacks & I C Q = 752822040

Stuff available for
(Spamming, Carding, Ethical Hacking, LINUX, Programming, Scripting, etc. )

Deals in all kind of Tools, Tutorials, E-books, Leads/Fullz/Pros
Availability 24/7
FASTEST DELIVERY

Build Your Own Business with proper guide & Legit Tools
Always glad to serve

GOOD LUCK
Here I'm:
I C Q = 752822040
Tele-gram = @killhacks

Writer said...

Attention to students and pupils who are searching for custom essays for sale online! We are an educational service that provides such papers written by skilled writers. We would be happy to help you in any case.

Unknown said...

Hello everyone I know this is not the topic discussing here but with what I Have be through and my bad experience, I want to Please everyone should be careful and stop being deceived by all these brokers and account managers, they scammed me over $500,000 of my investment capital, they kept on requesting for extra funds before a withdrawal request can be accepted and processed, in the end, I lost all my money. All efforts to reach out to their customer support desk had declined, I found it very hard to move on. God so kind I followed a broadcast that teaches on how scammed victims can recover their fund, I Email him info(@)wizardwierzbicki(.)com for consultation, I got feedback after some hours and I was asked to provide all legal details concerning my investment, I did exactly what they instructed me to do without delay, to my greatest surprise I was able to recover my money back including my profit which my capital generated. I said I will not hold this to myself but share it to the public so that all scammed victims can get their funds back. Contact this Genius Recovery Advocate Website: https://wizardwierzbicki.com/ WhatsApp: +49 1575 8718600

Anonymous said...

Great fashion wear for men you can found here bulan bintang

mbuotidem said...

I really enjoy reading your article it is very interesting Check delsu jupeb admission form out

Essien said...

This is such an amazing and educative post. I really love and admire your effort work. It's good and awesome. I'm just amazed surfing from this site. Thanks very much for sharing. uniosun supplementary postgraduate admission form out

dubai travel agency said...

good article written I really liked that. Good job

bajaj head office said...

nice post thanks for update

6627esg said...

"Thank you for sharing a valuable content.

We are always happy to read about new and emerging trends in the market.

As an SMS marketing platform, we have been in the market for more than 5 years. We have been serving hundreds of clients across India and abroad with our award-winning bulk SMS services such as Instant OTPs, Notifications, Alerts & Smarter Bulk SMS Offers via Web Portal, APIs and other bulk SMS services.

Click to know more:
bulk sms service provider
sms gateway
sms api
"

Siddarth Star said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Anonymous said...

BITCOIN INVESTMENT
Investing on the cryptocurrency market has been a main source of income, that's why knowledge plays a very important role in humanity, you don't need to over work yourself for money.All you need is the right information, and you could build your own wealth from the comfort of your home!Binary trading is dependent on timely signals, assets or controlled strategies which when mastered increases chance of winning up to 90%-100% with trading. It’s possible to earn $10,000 to $20,000 trading weekly-monthly in cryptocurrency(bitcoin) investment,just get in contact with Mr Bernie Doran my broker. I had almost given up on everything about binary trading and never getting my lost funds back, till i met with him, with his help and guidance now i have my lost funds back to my bank account, gained more profit and I can now trade successfully with his profitable strategies and software!!
Reach out to him on Gmail (BERNIEDORANSIGNALS@GMAIL.COM) , or his WhatsApp : +1(424)285-0682 for inquiries
🇺🇸🇺🇸🇺🇸
⬆️⬆️⬆️
📊⬆️⬆️

Crypto Talk Blogs said...

How to Connect Coinbase Wallet to Metamask, open Metamask and click on your account avatar. Choose "Import Account" and select the "WalletLink" option. Open Coinbase Wallet, go to Settings, then WalletLink, and scan the QR code on Metamask. Your wallets will now be linked for easy access and management.

TelU CampusLife said...

What programming languages or software tools are commonly used for SDR development, and how can one get started with them? greeting : Telkom University

Anonymous said...

Hi Guys..

Providing Fresh Spammed & Legit FULLZ
Genuine Stuff & Verified
Recently Spammed with Legit Info
Invalid info will be replaced instantly
Bulk Quantity Available

CONTACT:
==============
ICQ 752822040 | @killhacks
Telegram @killhacks | @leadsupplier
Email hacksp007 @ mail 2 tor .com
Skype @peeterhacks

------------------------------

SSN DOB DL ADDRESS FULLZ USA
SIN DOB ADDRESS CANADA
NIN DOB ADDRESS UK
HIGH CREDIT SCORES PROS 700+
YOUNG AGE FULLZ
CLONING CARDS DUMPS 101 & 202 WITH PIN
CC CVV WITH BILLING ADDRESS
ORIGINAL ID/DL SCAN FFRONT BACK WITH SELFIE
FULLZ FOR TAX RETURN|KYC|PUA|UI|SBA|UBEREATS|DOORDASH
SPECIFIC INFO FULLZ (CITIES|AGE|STATES|ZIP CODES)

USA UK CANADA Fullz
Fresh Data will be provided
Not Sold & never used before
Discount for bulk buyers

Cricut.com setup mac said...

Your blog deserves applause. Your commitment to delivering valuable information is a gift to your readers. also visit cricut.com/setup

Assignment helper said...

Worrying about your assignment and searching for an assignment helper near you. Stop your search, and connect with Global assignment expert for assignments and projects. Assignment Writer UK is known for delivering assignments with accuracy. Global Assignment Help has a team of experts with excellent knowledge in every subject. Whether you are a school-going student or a college student, we have solutions for both. Our assignment is easy to understand and knowledgeable. So connect with us for all your assignment requirements and we guarantee you to solve all your problems easily. Do visit our official website for more queries. And we are accessible 24/7 for your help.

สล็อตออนไลน์ said...

สล็อตออนไลน์ ยอดฮิตกับ PGSLOT เว็บน้องใหม่เแตกง่าย ปลอดภัย สะดวกเล่นได้ทุกที่ทุกเวลา รวยทางลัดได้ง่ายๆ สนุกจนลืมเวลาก็ PG SLOT ที่นี่ที่เดียว